Microbial source tracking and antimicrobial resistance in one river system of a rural community in Bahia, Brazil / Rastreamento de fontes microbianas e resistência antimicrobiana em um sistema fluvial de uma comunidade rural da Bahia, Brasil

Use of antibiotics inevitably leads to antimicrobial resistance. Selection for resistance occurs primarily within the gut of humans and animals as well as in the environment through natural resistance and residual antibiotics in streams and soil. We evaluated antimicrobial resistance in Gram negative bacteria from a river system in a rural community in Bahia, Brazil. Water was collected from the Jiquiriçá and Brejões rivers and the piped water supply. Additionally, stools were collected from a random sample of residents, cows, pigs and horses near the river. The samples were screened for bacteria resistant to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and meropenem and identified biochemically at the genus and species levels. Microbial source tracking demonstrated that ruminant and human fecal contamination increased as the rivers neared the village center and decreased after the last residence. Antibiotic bacteria were identified from all samples (n = 32). No bacteria were resistant to carbapenems, but the majority of the enterobacteria were resistant to ciprofloxacin, even though this class of antibiotics is not commonly used in food animals in this region. Considering these facts, together with the pattern of human fecal contamination, a human source was considered most likely for these resistant isolates.

O uso de antibióticos inevitavelmente leva à resistência antimicrobiana. A seleção para resistência antimicrobiana ocorre principalmente no intestino de seres humanos e animais, bem como no meio ambiente, através da resistência natural e resíduos de antibióticos nos esgotos e no solo. Avaliamos a resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias Gram-negativas de um sistema fluvial em uma comunidade rural da Bahia, Brasil. A água foi coletada nos rios Jiquiriçá e Brejões e no abastecimento de água encanada. Além disso, foram coletadas amostras randomizadas de fezes de moradores, vacas, porcos e cavalos próximos ao rio. As amostras foram triadas para bactérias resistentes à ciprofloxacina, cefotaxima e meropenem e identificadas bioquimicamente nos níveis de gênero e espécie. O rastreamento de fontes microbianas demonstrou que a contaminação fecal de ruminantes e humanos aumentou à medida que os rios se aproximavam do centro da vila e diminuía após a última residência. Bactérias resistentes a antibióticos foram identificadas em todas as amostras (n = 32). Nenhuma bactéria demonstrou ser resistente aos carbapenêmicos testados, contudo, foi encontrado enterobactérias resistentes à ciprofloxacina, ainda que essa classe de antibióticos não seja comumente usada na medicina veterinária dos animais dessa região. Considerando esses fatos, juntamente com o padrão de contaminação fecal avaliado, a fonte de contaminação humana foi considerada a mais provável na interação desses isolados resistentes.

Percepción de dos comunidades sobre la contaminación del arroyo el Riíto, Chiapas, México / Perception of two communities of the pollution about the el Riito stream, Chiapas, Mexico

Resumen: El presente artículo identificó y evaluó, mediante la percepción ambiental con enfoque geográfico (PAEG), los impactos sociales y ambientales a nivel de comunidades derivados de la contaminación presente en el arroyo denominado el Riíto en Tonalá, Chiapas. Para ello, se aplicó una metodología mixta que comprendió la identificación de actores sociales, entrevistas y aplicación de encuestas estructuradas mediante procedimientos estadísticos en dos comunidades de la costa de Chiapas: Paredón y Tonalá. Este tipo de investigación, además, permitió identificar debilidades en la gobernanza y gestión de las instituciones presentes en la zona. Se evidenció que no logran dar una solución integral a un problema de agua que pone en riesgo la salud de las dos comunidades en estudio y mucho menos al medio ambiente de la microcuenca.

Abstract: This article identified and evaluated through Environmental Perception with a Geographical Approach (PAEG), the social and environmental impacts at the community level derived from the contamination present in the stream called El Riíto in Tonalá, Chiapas. For this, a mixed methodology was applied, which included from the identification of social actors, interviews and the application of structured surveys using statistical procedures in two communities on the Chiapas coast: Paredón and Tonalá. This type of research also allowed identifying weaknesses in the governance and management of the institutions present in the area, as they fail to provide a comprehensive solution to a water problem that puts the health of the two communities under study at risk, much less to the micro basin environment.

Diagnóstico do tratamento de esgotos no Rio Grande do Sul e sua associação aos riscos com a saúde / Diagnosis of sewage treatment in Rio Grande do Sul and its association with health risks

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estimar o volume de esgoto gerado no RS em Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO kg/dia), e o volume de esgoto (DBO kg/dia) que chega até as estações de tratamento de esgoto ETEs; diagnosticar a eficiência das estações de tratamento de esgotoem relação ao percentual de remoção de (DBO kg/dia); correlacionando com a presença de cianobactérias próximas aos pontos de captação de água superficial para consumo humano; analisar se há inativação ou remoção de protozoários no lançamento do efluente ao retornar ao manancial. Como resultado obteve-se o volume total de matéria orgânica lançada nos corpos hídricos por dia estimado no Rio Grande do Sul é 511.769,00 DBO kg/dia no RS. As Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto captam 390.285,45 DBO kg/dia apresentaram resultados de remoção de 145.500,50 DBO kg/dia e de 22.963,21 DBO kg/dia residual; O volume ocioso das ETEs fica em torno de 5.049,89 L/s. O processo de eliminar ou inativar grande quantidade de protozoários presentes no afluente se dá através de etapas terciárias avançadas nas ETEs. Não encontramos no RS no ano 2019 ETEs com esses tipos avançados de tratamento. Sugere-se então que haja um melhor aproveitamento destas estações de tratamento no que se refere à quantidade e qualidade de volume de esgoto tratado e que sejam ampliados estudos para viabilidade de projetos de execução de novas ETEs para os demais municípios que despejam seus esgotos in natura nos mananciais impactando-os.

This work aims to estimate the volume of sewage generated in RS in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD kg/day), and the volume of sewage (BOD kg/day) that reaches the sewage treatment stations (STS)s; diagnose the efficiency of sewage treatment station in relation to the percentage of removal (BOD kg/day); correlating with the presence of cyanobacteria close to the surface water intake points for human consumption; analyze if there is inactivation or removal of protozoa in the discharge of the effluent when returning to the source. As a result, the total volume of organic matter released into water bodies per day estimated in Rio Grande do Sul is 511,769.00 BOD kg/day in RS. The Sewage Treatment Plants capture 390,285.45 BOD kg/day showed removal results of 145,500.50 BOD kg/day and 22,963.21 BOD kg/day residual; The idle volume of ETEs is around 5,049.89 L/s. The process of eliminating or inactivating a large amount of protozoa present in the tributary takes place through advanced tertiary stages in the STSs. We did not find in RS in the year 2019 STSs with these advanced types of treatment. It is therefore suggested that there is a better use of these treatment plants with regard to the quantity and quality of the volume of treated sewage and that studies for the feasibility of projects for the execution of new STSs be expanded to the other municipalities that dump their raw sewage in water sources impacting them.

Nanotechnology for Combating Microbial Contamination of Water

El agua es una necesidad universal que ha sido reportada por las Naciones Unidas (ONU) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) como una prioridad. Existe una necesidad apremiante de acceso gratuito al agua potable para las poblaciones de los países en desarrollo. Además, las fuentes de agua de los países desarrollados también requieren atención debido a la presencia de un alto nivel de contaminantes emergentes. Por lo tanto, la nanotecnología parece ser una herramienta poderosa que podría usarse como sensores, filtros, superficies antibacterianas y nanoantimicrobianos. En esta revisión, hemos discutido la aplicación de las nanopartículas y los nanocompuestos para el tratamiento de aguas y aguas residuales. Además, el impacto de las nanopartículas libres como contaminantes emergentes en las plantas de tratamiento de agua, así como en las aguas subterráneas, merece más estudios.

The water is a universal need that has been reported by the United Nations (UN) and World Health Organization (WHO) as a priority. There is a pressing need for free access to drinking water for populations from developing countries. Furthermore, the water sources of developed countries also require attention due to the presence of a high level of emergent contaminants. Therefore, nanotechnology appears to be a powerful tool that could be used as sensors, filters, antibacterial surfaces, and nanoantimicrobials. In this review, we have discussed the application of nanoparticles and nanocomposites for water and wastewater treatment. Moreover, the impact of free-nanoparticles as emergent contaminants in water treatment plants as well as groundwater warrants further studies.

Health impacts of environmental contamination of micro- and nanoplastics: a review

Plastics are extensively used in our daily life. However, a significant amount of plastic waste is discharged to the environment directly or via improper reuse or recycling. Degradation of plastic waste generates micro- or nano-sized plastic particles that are defined as micro- or nanoplastics (MNPs). Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles with a diameter less than 5 mm, while nanoplastics (NPs) range in diameter from 1 to 100 or 1000 nm. In the current review, we first briefly summarized the environmental contamination of MNPs and then discussed their health impacts based on existing MNP research. Our review indicates that MNPs can be detected in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide and be ingested and accumulated by animals along the food chain. Evidence has suggested the harmful health impacts of MNPs on marine and freshwater animals. Recent studies found MPs in human stool samples, suggesting that humans are exposed to MPs through food and/or drinking water. However, the effect of MNPs on human health is scarcely researched. In addition to the MNPs themselves, these tiny plastic particles can release plastic additives and/or adsorb other environmental chemicals, many of which have been shown to exhibit endocrine disrupting and other toxic effects. In summary, we conclude that more studies are necessary to provide a comprehensive understanding of MNP pollution hazards and also provide a basis for the subsequent pollution management and control.

Fitorremediación de aguas contaminadas con componentes de amalgama de la preclínica de odontología de la Universidad Antonio Nariño, Ibagué (Colombia) / Phytoremediation of contaminated water with amalgam components of the preclinical dentistry of the Universidad Antonio Nariño, Ibagué Colombia

Objetivo: remover componentes de amalgama de aguas contaminadas mediante fitorremediación. Métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, en que fueron recolectados 12 litros de aguas de remoción de obturaciones de amalgama en 144 dientes artificiales en la preclínica de odontología. Se analizó agua sin fitorremediar (control), y se mantuvieron ocho litros para fitorremediación en el Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas y un análisis semanal con dos especies de plantas acuáticas: Eichhornia crassipes y Pistia stratiotes. Mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, se determinó la concentración de metales pesados en miligramos por litro. El análisis se llevó a cabo mediante estadística descriptiva, comparación con prueba t y ANOVA de una vía con el complemento de Excel XLSTAT. Resultados: tras el proceso, el porcentaje estimado de remoción de componentes de amalgama fue superior al 50%. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tratamientos (α= 0.05; g l= 11; p= 0,4269). Conclusiones: se logró la remoción parcial de componentes de amalgama de aguas contaminadas a través del proceso de fitorremediación.

Objective: remove amalgam components from contaminated water by phytoremediation. Methods: a retrospective descriptive study was carried out, in which 12 liters of amalgam filling removal water were collected in 144 artificial teeth in the preclinical dentistry. Water was analyzed without phytoremediation (control), and eight liters were maintained for phytoremediation in the Laboratory of Basic Sciences and a weekly analysis with two species of aquatic plants: Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes. The concentration of heavy metals in milligrams per liter was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics, comparison with t-test and one-way ANOVA with the Excel XLSTAT add-in. Results: after the process, the estimated removal percentage of amalgam components was greater than 50%. There were no statistically significant differences between treatments (α = 0.05; g l = 11; p = 0.4269). Conclusions: the partial removal of amalgam components from contaminated water was achieved through the phytoremediation process.

Effect of watershed land use on water quality: a case study in Córrego da Olaria Basin, São Paulo State, Brazil / Efeito do uso do solo em sub-bacias na qualidade da água: um estudo de caso na Bacia do Córrego da Olaria, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract The water quality is related to the hydrologic and limnologic properties of ground and surface water, and significant efforts have been made to monitor water sources to understand the effects of land use changes in agricultural areas, with significant socioeconomic activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the qualitative aspects of surface water in subbasins related to land use. Samples were analyzed in terms of physical and chemical parameters on monthly discrete water quality sampling in four representative sites at first order subbasin streams, located at the Polo Regional Centro Norte, Pindorama County, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The land use classification was made by visual detection technique in a multispectral satellite data obtained from LandSat8- spectral bands of the OLI sensor. The watershed was classified into major land cover/use classes and overlay maps generated in ArcGIS 10 indicated a significant shift from natural vegetation to agriculture activities. Water quality monitoring was according to the brazilian protocol and the results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The values obtained differ significantly at each sampling point - subbasins, reflecting the effects of land use on water quality. Soil conservation management is important to optimize soil use in order to contribute to the control of water pollution and the formulation of a public policy is necessary for the conservation of water and soil resources.

Resumo A qualidade da água está relacionada com as propriedades hidrológicas e limnológicas das águas subterrâneas e superficiais, e esforços significativos devem ser realizados para monitorar as nascentes no intuito de compreender os efeitos das mudanças no uso da terra em áreas agrícolas, com atividades socioeconômicas significativas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos qualitativos das águas superficiais de bacias hidrográficas e correlacionar com o uso do solo. As amostras foram analisadas em termos dos parâmetros físicos e químicos na amostragem mensal discreta da qualidade da água, em quatro locais representativos de nascentes em microbacias de primeira ordem, localizadas no Polo Regional Centro Norte, Pindorama, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A classificação do uso do solo foi feita por técnica de detecção visual em uma imagem multiespectral de satélite LandSat8- bandas espectrais, sensor OLI. O uso do solo foi classificado nas principais classes de uso e os mapas de sobreposição gerados no ArcGIS 10 indicaram uma mudança significativa da vegetação natural para as atividades agrícolas. O monitoramento da qualidade da água foi realizado de acordo com o protocolo brasileiro e os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA). Os valores obtidos diferem significativamente em cada ponto de amostragem, refletindo os efeitos do uso do solo sobre a qualidade da água. A gestão do solo e da água é importante para aperfeiçoar as práticas agrícolas, no intuito de contribuir para o controle da poluição da água e para a formulação de uma política pública necessária para a conservação dos recursos hídricos e do solo.

The effect of seasonal and human pressure on macrobenthic fauna in the Caroni Swamp Ramsar Site, Trinidad and Tobago / Efecto de la presión estacional y humana en la fauna macrobentónica del sitio Ramsar pantano Caroní, Trinidad y Tobago

Abstract Human pressures have placed many tropical estuaries in developing countries under increased levels of stress. The Caroni Swamp Ramsar Site, the largest mangrove swamp along the west coast of Trinidad, has been subjected to high levels of anthropogenic impacts including hydrological alteration and pollution from land-based sources since the 1920's. While most of these impacts have been well documented, limited information exists on the macrobenthic communities in the swamp. This study addresses the paucity of information. The macrobenthic fauna in the main waterways of Caroni Swamp was sampled at 12 locations using a Van Veen 0.025 m2 grab, once in the dry (April) and wet (August) season of 2015 with a total of 144 samples. The samples were sorted, counted and species were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. A total of 55 taxa were identified with polychaetes being the most abundant taxa. The ecological status of the macrobenthos was assessed using AZTI's Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) and the multivariate-AMBI (M-AMBI). Physicochemical parameters were measured with a YSI multiparameter metre. Chemical analyses were also conducted on nitrates, nitrites, ammonia and reactive phosphates using standard methods. Overall, AMBI characterised the Caroni Swamp as "slightly disturbed" with a macrobenthic community of "poor" ecological status according to M-AMBI. Generally, the quality of the environment improves from the dry season to the wet season. However, seasonal variations in AMBI and M-AMBI were found to be site specific as some showed improvement in ecological status and macrozoobenthos quality while others showed degradation from the dry season to the wet season. The stations to the North of the swamp showed improvement from the dry season to the wet season while the opposite was observed in the more Southern stations. One notable characteristic of the swamp was the high levels of pollutants, particularly ammonia, recorded in one of its major waterways, the Caroni River. This is in contrast to the other waterways within the swamp which experience much lower levels of pollutant input from land-based sources. The assessment of the Caroni Swamp using AMBI and M-AMBI may be useful for informing management strategies to conserve the wetland and improve environmental quality. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1101-1117. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen Los estuarios tropicales de países en desarrollo han experimentado un aumento en los niveles de estrés debido a la presión humana. El sitio Ramsar pantano Caroní, el manglar más grande de la costa oeste de Trinidad, ha estado sujeto a altos niveles de impacto antropogénico, incluyendo alteraciones hidrológicas y contaminación de fuentes terrestres desde la década de 1920. Aunque la mayoría de estos impactos han sido bien documentados, existe información limitada sobre las comunidades macrobentónicas en el pantano. Este estudio aborda esta escasez de información. Se muestreó la fauna macrobentónica en el canal principal del pantano Caroní en 12 localidades utilizando una draga Van Veen de 0.025 m2, una vez durante la época seca (Abril) y la época lluviosa (Agosto) 2015, con un total de 144 muestras. Las muestras fueron ordenadas, contadas y las especies se identificaron al menor nivel taxonómico posible. Se identificaron un total de 55 taxa, siendo los poliquetos el taxa más abundante. El estatus ecológico del macrobentos se evaluó utilizando el Índice Marino Biótico de AZTI (AMBI) y el AMBI-multivariado (M-AMBI). Los parámetros fisicoquímicos se midieron con un multiparámetro YSI. Los análisis químicos también se realizaron para nitratos, nitritos, amonio y fostatos activos utilizando métodos estándar. En conjunto, el índice AMBI caracterizó el pantano Caroní como "levemente alterado" con una comunidad macrobentónica de categoría "pobre" de acuerdo al M-AMBI. Generalmente, la calidad de los ambientes incrementa desde la época seca hasta la época lluviosa. Sin embargo, las variaciones estacionales en los índices AMBI y M-AMBI fueron específicas a la localidad, mostrando algunas un incremento en el estatus ecológico y calidad del macrozoobentos, mientras que otros mostraron una degradación de la época seca a la época lluviosa. Las estaciones al norte del pantano mostraron una mejora de la época seca a la época lluviosa, mientras que se presentó lo contrario en las estaciones más al sur. Una característica notable del pantano fueron los altos niveles de contaminantes, particularmente amonio, registrado en uno de los canales principales del río Caroní. Esto contrasta con los otros canales del pantano que experimentan niveles menores de aporte de contaminantes de fuentes terrestres. La evaluación del pantano Caroní utilizando los índíces AMBI y M-AMBI puede ser una base útil de información para las estrategias de manejo y conservación del humedal y mejorar su calidad ambiental.

Emissários submarinos de esgotos como alternativa à minimização de riscos à saúde humana e ambiental / Ocean outfalls as an alternative to minimizing risks to human and environmental health

Resumo Emissários submarinos são apresentados como uma eficiente alternativa para o destino final de efluentes sanitários em regiões costeiras densamente povoadas em virtude da elevada capacidade de dispersão e depuração da matéria orgânica no ambiente marinho, e por demandar pequenas áreas para sua implementação. A probabilidade de condições improprias de balneabilidade, em áreas costeiras adjacentes aos emissários submarinos de esgotos de Ipanema, Barra da Tijuca e Icaraí, é avaliada com base em metodologia computacional probabilística que contempla em conjunto a modelagem hidrodinâmica, de transporte e decaimento bacteriano. Os resultados mostram que as concentrações de coliformes fecais são influenciadas fortemente pela radiação solar e todos os fatores responsáveis por sua mitigação no ambiente marinho. Os referidos emissários não comprometem a balneabilidade na região costeira, visto que as condições improprias de balneabilidade são restringidas às regiões adjacentes aos pontos de lançamento do efluente. A poluição observada nas praias é indicativa da contaminação que ocorre pelos sistemas lagunares, rios e canais ambientalmente degradados.

Abstract Submarine outfalls are proposed as an efficient alternative for the final destination of wastewater in densely populated coastal areas, due to the high dispersal capacity and the clearance of organic matter in the marine environment, and because they require small areas for implementation. This paper evaluates the probability of unsuitable bathing conditions in coastal areas nearby to the Ipanema, Barra da Tijuca and Icaraí outfalls based on a computational methodology gathering hydrodynamic, pollutant transport, and bacterial decay modelling. The results show a strong influence of solar radiation and all factors that mitigate its levels in the marine environment on coliform concentration. The aforementioned outfalls do not pollute the coastal areas, and unsuitable bathing conditions are restricted to nearby effluent launching points. The pollution observed at the beaches indicates that the contamination occurs due to the polluted estuarine systems, rivers and canals that flow to the coast.

rare case of Ralstonia mannitolilytica infection in an end stage renal patient on maintenance dialysis during municipal water contamination

Ralstonia mannitolilytica is a gram negative soil bacterium. Ralstonia infection though rare, has become the emerging nosocomial pathogens in hospital settings. Various clinical manifestations had been described as well as the mode of transmission

Despite its low virulence factor, it is able to survive under harsh condition and this may potentially cause significant morbidity and mortality especially in immunocompromised patients. Outbreak of Ralstonia mannitolilytica infections in the hospital are typically associated with contaminated medical supplies or instruments. We described here a case of Ralstonia mannitolilytica infection in a dialysis patient that occurred during the municipal reservoir water contamination crisis. In this report, we will also describe the behaviour of Ralstonia genus and its 4 main species, namely R. pickettii, R. solanacearum, R. insidiosa, and R. mannitolilytica and the choices of antibiotic therapy based on literature review

Calidad del agua en La Palma de Darién / Water quality in Darien in the city of Palma

El agua es esencial para la vida y todas las personas deben disponer de un suministro satisfactorio, pero la mismapuede convertirse en un vehículo de transmisión de diversas enfermedades.Objetivo: Determinar la calidad del agua potable para el consumo humano y analizar cómo influye en eldesarrollo de enfermedades gastrointestinales, en la población de La Palma, Provincia de Darién.Metodología: La muestra analizada estuvo constituida por 150 jefes de hogares. Se utilizó el muestreo aleatoriosistemático para selección de los hogares, de 6 en 6 hogares. La información se recolectó a través de cuestionariosque constaban de dos partes; a) datos generales y b) fuentes de servicio de agua. Resultados.Resultados: De los 150 jefes de hogar encuestados: el 65,3% eran mujeres, un 28.0% fueron hombres y el restante6,7% correspondió a otros familiares. Un 82,6% de los participantes en el estudio indicó que la calidad de agua esregular y mala; el 84,0% de los hogares almacenan el agua en tanques con tapaderas, el 76,0% no purifican elagua; el 26,0% de las personas que Vivían en estos hogares refirieron consumir más de 8 vasos de agua al día. Lamayor incidencia por alteración gastrointestinal fueron diarrea 53,0%, dolor de estómago 49,8% y el 32,0%vómito, siendo los niños con edades inferiores a los 5 años los más vulnerables.Los resultados del análisis deparasitología de las muestras de agua recolectadas en ríos en la toma de agua del Instituto de Acueducto yAlcantarillado Nacionales ( IDAAN), las familias en sus casas, almacena agua del grifo en tanques de pintura,tanques grandes de reserva, en el análisis del agua recolectada en los tanques se tomaron muestras para análisis bacteriológico que reportaron encontrarse amebas, larvas de insecto, Coccidio de animales, Diatomea, Flagelosimilar a Giardia, algas filamentosas y rotíferos. Conclusión:El agua destinada para el consumo humano en La Palma, Provincia de Darién, no tiene la calidad sanitaria.

Water is essential for life and all people must have a satisfactory supply, but it can become a vehicle for thetransmission of various diseases.Aim: To determine the quality of drinking water for human intake and analyze how it influences the developmentof gastrointestinal diseases, in the town of La Palma, Darien Province.Methodology: The sample analysed consisted of 150 heads of households. Systematic random sampling forselection of households, 6 in 6 households was used. The information was collected through questionnairesconsisted of two parts; a) general data and b) sources of water service.Results: Of the 150 heads of household surveyed; 65,3% were women, 28,0% were men and the remaining 6.7%were other relatives. The 82,6% of participants in the study indicated that water quality is fair and poor; 84.0%of households store water in tanks with lids, 76,0% do not purify water; 26,0% of people who lived in thesehouseholds reported consuming more than 8 glasses of water a day. The highest incidence gastrointestinaldisorder 53,0% were diarrhoea, stomach pain 49,8% and 32.0% vomiting, being children below 5 years, the mostvulnerable ages. Parasitological analysis of water samples, reported amoebas, insect larvae, Coccidian animal,Diatom, similar to Giardia Swipe, filamentous algae and rotifers.

Objetivo: Caraterizar o perfil de hábitos e práticas de saúde dos universitários enquanto ao consumo de água naUniversidade de Panamá.A água é um dos grandes componentes do corpo humano. Constitui o meio em que se dão a maior parte reaçõesquímicas no corpo e têm um papel importante na transformação de energia, a excreção dos detritos e a regulaçãoda temperatura (Brown 2006). Metodologia: Se utilizou a amostragem aleatória estratificada proporcional comum erro máximo de 3% e um 95% de confiança. Além disso, se provou a homogeneidade estrutural doinstrumento. Com os resultados obtidos se procedeu a desenvolver uma análise descritiva com diferentesvariáveis de tipo geral, além das perguntas sobre o consumo de água. Por outro lado, se realizou uma análisemúlti variante aplicando o método HJ-Biplot, que permitirá identificar padrões com respeito às respostasmanifestadas nas faculdades testadas.Resultados: A amostra foi distribuída em 15% administrativos, 68%estudantes e 17% docentes. Os resultados indicam que o tipo de líquido preferido para acompanhar as comidas éa água, e do grupo de respondentes, os estudantes universitários foram aqueles com os menores níveis deconsumo de água, argumentando a falta de tempo.

Drinking water system treatment and contamination in Shatila refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon

Drinking water at Shatila Palestinian Refugee Camp in Beirut, Lebanon is of poor quality and unpredictably intermittent quantity. We aimed to characterize drinking water sources and contamination at Shatila and determine how drinking water can be managed to reduce community health burdens. We interviewed the Popular Committee, well owners, water vendors, water shopkeepers and preschool administrators about drinking water sources, treatment methods and the population served. Water samples from the sources and intermediaries were analysed for thermotolerant faecal coliforms [FCs], Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum and microsporidia, using immunofluorescent antibody detection for G. lamblia and C. parvum, and chromotrope-2 stain for microsporidia. All drinking water sources were contaminated with FCs and parasites. FC counts [cfu/mL] were as follows: wells [35-300], water vendors [2-178], shops [30-300] and preschools [230-300]. Responsible factors identified included: unskilled operators; improper maintenance of wells and equipment; lack of proper water storage and handling; and misperception of water quality. These factors must be addressed to improve water quality at Shatila and other refugee camps

Water usage in the Gaza Strip: recommendations from a literature review and consultations with experts

Water quality in the Gaza Strip has been severely compromised due to increasing salinity, contamination with pollutants, and lack of adequate treatment options. To provide the population of the Gaza Strip with advice on how to mitigate health risks from water we developed recommendations on using water from different sources for different purposes [such as for consumption, hygiene, amenities, and irrigation] based on a literature review and consultation with experts. Specific advice was developed for several vulnerable groups, including infants, children, pregnant or lactating women, and elderly people. The recommendations are inherently limited, as it is unacceptable to recommend consuming water that is of substandard quality. However, pending long-term solutions, information can be targeted to vulnerable groups to ensure that exposure to the most harmful contaminants is avoided. The implementation of these recommendations may require information campaigns to assist the population in differentiating water from different sources for different uses

Analysis of Endodontist Posture Utilizing Cinemetry, Surface Electromyography and Ergonomic Checklists

The postural risk factors for dentists include the ease of vision in the workplace, cold, vibration and mechanical pressure in tissues, incorrect posture, functional fixity, cognitive requirements and work-related organizational and psychosocial factors. The objective was to analyze the posture of endodontists at the workplace. Eighteen right-handed endodontists aged 25 to 60 years (34±3) participated in the study. Electromyography, kinemetry, ergonomic scales (RULA and Couto's checklist) and biophotogrammetry were used to analyze the posture of endodontists during root canal treatment of the maxillary right first and second molars using rotary and manual instrumentation. The variations observed in the electromyographic activities during the performance of rotary and manual techniques suggest that the fibers of the longissimus region, anterior and medium deltoid, medium trapezium, biceps, triceps brachii, brachioradialis and short thumb abductor muscles underwent adaptations to provide more accurate functional movements. Computerized kinemetry and biophotogrammetry showed that, as far as posture is concerned, rotary technique was more demanding than the manual technique. In conclusion, the group of endodontists evaluated in this study exhibited posture disorders regardless of whether the rotary or manual technique was used.

Os fatores de risco posturais para cirurgiões dentistas incluem o acesso a visão no local de trabalho, frio, vibração, pressão mecânica nos tecidos, postura incorreta, alterações funcionais, requisitos cognitivos e fatores organizacionais e psicossociais relacionados com o trabalho. O objetivo é analisar a postura dos endodontistas no local de trabalho. Participaram dezoito endodontistas destros com idades entre as idades de 25 e 60 anos (34±3). Nesta pesquisa foi utilizado a eletromiografia, cinemetria, escalas de ergonomia (do RULA e Couto checklist) e biofotogrametria para analisar a postura dos endodontistas durante o preparo químico-mecânico do sistema de canais radiculares para primeiros e segundos molares superiores direitos, utilizando a instrumentação rotatória e manual. As variações observadas nas atividades eletromiográficas durante a execução das técnicas rotatórias e manuais sugerem que as fibras da região dos músculos longuíssimo, deltóide anterior e médio, trapézio médio, bíceps, tríceps braquial, braquiorradial e músculos abdutores curtos do polegar passaram por adaptações para promover movimentos funcionais mais precisos. A cinemetria e biofotogrametria computadorizada mostraram que a técnica rotatória foi mais exigente da postura corporal do que a técnica manual. Em conclusão, os endodontistas estudados apresentaram distúrbios de postura, independentemente da técnica utilizada, rotatória ou manual.

Bioavailability of pollutants in bacterial communities of Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Processes involving heavy metals and other contaminants continue to present unsolved environmental questions. To advance the understanding of geochemical processes that involve the bioavailability of contaminants, cores where collected in the Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon, and analyzed for bacterial activity and metal concentrations. Results would suggest an extremely reducing environment where organic substances seem to be the predominant agents responsible for this geochemical process. Analytical data showed sulphate reduction to be the main agent driving this process, since this kind of bacteria was found to be active in all of the samples analyzed. Esterase enzyme production did not signal the influence of heavy metals and hydrocarbon concentrations and heavy metals were found to be unavailable for biota. However, correlation between results for bacterial biomass and the potentially mobile percentage of the total Ni concentrations would suggest a negative impact.

Nivel de purificación del agua utilizada en clínicas odontológicas universitarias / Level of water Purification that used the Odontological Clinics University

Las aguas que se utilizan en las clínicas odontológicas deberían estar libres de contaminantes y aceites, para asegurar la calidad en los trabajos realizados. Objetivo: Determinar el contaminante en el agua del sistema de las sillas odontológicas en la UNAH-VS. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal, cualitativo y cuantitativo, realizado del 18 de marzo al 4 de abril 2014. Exámenes realizados con la ayuda de un laboratorio privado mediante técnicas de recolección de aguas, utilizando previamente métodos de asepsias para eliminar todo microorganismo proveniente del exterior y no del agua específicamente del grifo, mangueras y ozonificador para mayor certeza del estudio. Las muestras fueron tomadas en el lavador de la clínica grande de la facultad de odontología, ozonificador colocado arriba del mismo y silla odontológica contigua al mismo lavador. Resultados: Los exámenes demostraron que el agua del grifo contiene 47% de recuento total bacteriano y 86.13% de dureza; en el ozonificador se encontró 15% de recuento total bacteriano y 81.17% de dureza total y el agua de la silla odontológica refleja 100% en recuento total bacteriano y 83.95% de dureza total del agua. Conclusiones: El grado de contaminación del agua de las clínicas odontológicas es mayor cuando sale por las mangueras de las sillas odontológicas, la cual va directamente a la boca del paciente. El ozonificador realiza un trabajo eficiente al reducir la dureza del agua así como también el recuento bacteriano...(AU)

Patterns and inferred processes associated with sea turtle strandings in Paraíba State, Northeast Brazil / Padrões e inferências associadas com encalhes de tartarugas marinhas no Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil

This study analysed sea turtle strandings on the coast of Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil, from August 2009 to July 2010. A total of 124 strandings were recorded in this period: green turtle Chelonia mydas (n = 106), hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata (n = 15), olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea (n = 2) and loggerhead Caretta caretta (n = 1). Of all turtles for which the Curved Carapace Length (CCL) was measured (n = 122), only 12 individuals (9.7%) were adults. Twenty individuals had synthetic anthropogenic debris in the gastrointestinal tract. Other traces of human interactions were observed in 43 individuals, such as injuries caused by entanglement in fishing lines or nets, collisions with vessels, direct contact with oil spills and lesions caused by sharp or spiked objects. Moreover, in 28.5% of the stranded turtles, the presence of external tumors was noticed, suggestive of fibropapillomatosis and in 9.7%, shark bite marks were observed. Of the 107 individuals that were sexed, 76 were females and 31 were males. Most turtles (72.6%) became stranded during the spring/summer (between October and March). We found evidence of human interactions (injuries) in half of the strandings, but in most cases it was not possible to determine if such interactions were the cause of death. A logistic regression found a significant relationship between CCL, ingestion of debris and lesions caused by sharks or spiked objects. Systematic data collection from stranded sea turtles can provide useful biological information, such as seasonal and spatial patterns in their occurrence and mortality, age structure, sex ratio and diet, as well as possible mortality causes.

Este estudo analisou encalhes de tartarugas marinhas na costa do Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil, de agosto de 2009 a julho de 2010. Neste período, 124 encalhes foram registrados: tartaruga-verde Chelonia mydas (n = 106), tartaruga-de-pente Eretmochelys imbricata (n = 15), tartaruga-oliva Lepidochelys olivacea (n = 2) e cabeçuda Caretta caretta (n = 1). Dentre todas as tartarugas que tiveram o Comprimento Curvilíneo da Carapaça (CCC) medido (n = 122), apenas 12 indivíduos (9,7%) foram considerados adultos. Vinte indivíduos tinham detritos antropogênicos sintéticos no trato gastrointestinal. Em 43 indivíduos, outros vestígios de interações humanas foram observados, tais como lesões causadas por emaranhamento em linhas ou redes de pesca, colisões com embarcações, contato direto com derramamentos de óleo e lesões causadas por objetos perfurocortantes. Além disso, em 28,5% das tartarugas encalhadas, foi observada a presença de tumores externos sugestivos de fibropapilomatose e em 9,7%, foram observadas marcas de mordidas de tubarão. Dos 107 indivíduos sexados, 76 eram fêmeas e 31 eram machos. A maioria das tartarugas (72,6%) encalhou durante a primavera/verão (entre outubro e março). Foram encontrados sinais de interações humanas (lesões) em metade dos encalhes, mas na maioria dos casos, não foi possível determinar se tais interações foram a causa da morte. A regressão logística encontrou uma relação significativa entre CCC e ingestão de detritos, lesões causadas por objetos perfuro-cortantes e ataques de tubarões. A coleta sistemática de dados de tartarugas marinhas encalhadas pode fornecer informações biológicas úteis, tais como padrões sazonais e espaciais na sua ocorrência e mortalidade, estrutura etária, razão sexual, dieta, bem como possíveis causas de mortalidade.

Lipolytic Activity and Molecular Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lysinibacillus sphaericus Isolated from Domestic Oil Rich Wastewater.

Microbial lipases have been heightened in bioremediation and various industries. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, between September 2010 and August 2011. To identify the lipolytic enzyme producing microbial strains in domestic oil rich wastewater, the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. The sequences were used to identify the strains by comparing with related sequences in database using BLAST analysis. The enzyme activity was quantified by HPLC analysis. All the lipolytic bacteria showed appreciable growth rates in the wastewater (between 0.67 and 1.67 mg/day) within 5 days. The most effective lipolytic bacteria isolates in the oil-rich wastewater were two species of the genus Pseudomonas and one of Bacillus. Comparing the weights on the first day to the twelfth day values when lipolytic organisms were grown in palm oil, some appreciable increases in weight difference were recorded in some isolates: 28.3%, 7.84%, 4.44% and 6.98% for Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Klebsiella, respectively. The weight increase of each of the microbial cells in palm oil culture was usually lesser than what was obtained in the oil-rich wastewater culture. Two isolates showed high similar sequence (99%) to that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lysinibacillus sphaericus, respectively. From palm oil, Lysinibacillus sp. produced various forms of fatty acids in the medium, including myristic acid (2.61%), palmitic acid (6.22%), stearic acid (5.18%) and arachidic (3.66%). These strains are versatile in utilizing the limited nutrient and had the ability to grow appreciably in the toxic condition (soap solution), suggesting that they may serve as candidates in treating dietary oil-rich wastewater.

Environmental contamination by fluoroquinolones

Over the past few decades, a high number of pharmaceuticals have been detected in surface, ground and drinking waters. This contamination comes from domestic sewage, livestock, hospitals and chemical-pharmaceutical industries. Typical examples of these pollutants are the fluoroquinolones - powerful antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine. The presence of fluoroquinolones in the environment can pose a serious threat to the ecosystem and to human health due to their high consumption globally: in 1998, around 120 tons were produced. Even at low environmental concentrations, antibiotics stimulate bacterial resistance. The consequences of the presence of fluoroquinolones in the environment are not fully understood, but are known to be toxic to plants and aquatic organisms. Approximately 85% of the fluoroquinolones present in influents can be removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants, but the removed fraction is frequently accumulated in the sludge, which is sometimes used as fertilizer, representing an additional input route into the environment. The removal of fluoroquinolones by biological treatment is ineffective, and it is believed that only advanced oxidation technologies are able to destroy these emerging pollutants.

Nas últimas décadas, um grande número de fármacos tem sido identificado em águas superficiais, subterrâneas e potáveis. Tal contaminação advém do esgoto doméstico, hospitais, criação de animais e das indústrias químico-farmacêuticas. Exemplos típicos desses poluentes são as fluoroquinolonas – potentes antibióticos empregados na medicina humana e veterinária. A presença de fluoroquinolonas no meio ambiente pode representar uma séria ameaça para o ecossistema e para a saúde humana devido ao alto consumo mundial: em 1998 foram produzidas, aproximadamente, 120 toneladas. Mesmo em baixas concentrações, antibióticos podem estimular a resistência bacteriana. As consequências da presença de fluoroquinolonas no ambiente não são completamente compreendidas, mas sabe-se que são tóxicas para plantas e organismos aquáticos. Aproximadamente 85% das fluoroquinolonas presentes em efluentes podem ser removidos em estações de tratamento de efluentes convencionais, porém a fração removida é frequentemente acumulada no lodo, muitas vezes usado como fertilizante, o que representa uma rota adicional de entrada desses compostos no ambiente. A remoção de fluoroquinolonas por meio de tratamento biológico não é eficiente, e acredita-se que somente as tecnologias de oxidação avançada sejam capazes de degradar esses poluentes emergentes.

Blood Cadmium Concentration of Residents Living near Abandoned Metal Mines in Korea

The purpose of this study was to investigate demographic and lifestyle variables and blood cadmium concentrations in residents living near abandoned metal mines in Korea. Blood cadmium concentrations were measured in 15,161 subjects living around abandoned metal mines (exposed group, n = 14,464) and compared with those living in designated control areas (control group, n = 697). A questionnaire was provided to all subjects to determine age, gender, mine working history, times of residence, smoking habits and dietary water type. The geometric mean (95% confidence intervals) of blood cadmium concentration (1.25 [1.24-1.27] microg/L) in the exposed group was significantly higher than in the control group (1.17 [1.13-1.22] microg/L). Mean residence time and mine working history in the exposed group were significantly higher than in the control group. Blood cadmium concentrations increased with increasing age, and residence time in both groups, and blood cadmium concentrations were higher in current-smokers than in non-smokers in both groups. This study shows the geometric mean of blood cadmium concentration in abandoned mining areas are higher than in non-mining areas in the general adult Korean population.